Iranian
Biomedical Journal
Volume 30, Issue 4 (9-2026)
IBJ 2026, 30(4): 193-211 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Firoozi M, Mahdavinezhad A, Shirzad M, Motevaseli E, Dalirfardouei R, Modarressi* M H et al . Biotechnological Approaches to Probiotics and Postbiotics through the Gut-Brain Axis Modulation. IBJ 2026; 30 (4) :193-211
URL: http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-5258-en.html
URL: http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-5258-en.html
Maryam Firoozi 
, Ali Mahdavinezhad , Mahdieh Shirzad , Elahe Motevaseli , Razieh Dalirfardouei , Mohammad Hossein Modarressi* * , Rezvan Najafi*
, Ali Mahdavinezhad , Mahdieh Shirzad , Elahe Motevaseli , Razieh Dalirfardouei , Mohammad Hossein Modarressi* * , Rezvan Najafi*
Abstract:
The gut microbiome and gut-brain axis are central to systemic homeostasis, with dysbiosis implicated in neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) disorders and gastrointestinal conditions (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia). These conditions are marked by a reduction in beneficial taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium) and an increase in harmful ones (e.g., Escherichia coli and Clostridium scindens). Probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic, and symbiotic interventions show therapeutic promise, but results can vary. Biotechnological advances, including CRISPR-Cas9 and genetic kill-switch systems, enable precision-engineered probiotics and postbiotics, though concerns about safety, genetic stability, gene transfer, and immune compatibility persist. Encapsulation and nanoencapsulation strategies improve microbial viability and site-specific delivery; i.e., microencapsulating Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis in alginate-pectin matrices enhances survival during freeze-drying, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Advancing clinical translation requires integrating multi-omics and machine learning with bioengineering approaches. This review examines the microbial-neural interface and surveys emerging biotechnological strategies for improving microbial-based therapeutics.
Type of Study: Review Article |
Subject:
Molecular Microbiology
References
1. Longo S, Rizza S, Federici M. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Relationships among the vagus nerve, gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes. Acta diabetol. 2023;60(8):1007-17. [DOI:10.1007/s00592-023-02088-x]
2. Kargbo RB. Microbiome-gut-brain axis modulation: New approaches in treatment of neuropsychological and gastrointestinal functional disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2023;14(6):692-5. [DOI:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00168]
3. Ashique S, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Mishra N, Garg A, Chellappan DK, et al. Gut-brain axis: A cutting-edge approach to target neurological disorders and potential synbiotic application. Heliyon. 2024;10(13):e34092. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34092]
4. Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J. 2017;474(11):1823-36. [DOI:10.1042/BCJ20160510]
5. Kustrimovic N, Balkhi S, Bilato G, Mortara L. Gut microbiota and immune system dynamics in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(22):12164. [DOI:10.3390/ijms252212164]
6. Hadrich I, Turki M, Chaari I, Abdelmoula B, Gargouri R, Khemakhem N, et al. Gut mycobiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: Insights and therapeutic potential. Front Cell Neurosci. 2025;18:1495224. [DOI:10.3389/fncel.2024.1495224]
7. Zhou P, Chen C, Patil S, Dong S. Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1355542. [DOI:10.3389/fnut.2024.1355542]
8. Yang J, Qin S, Zhang H. Precise strategies for selecting probiotic bacteria in treatment of intestinal bacterial dysfunctional diseases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1034727. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034727]
9. Westfall S, Carracci F, Estill M, Zhao D, Wu Q-l, Shen L, et al. Optimization of probiotic therapeutics using machine learning in an artificial human gastrointestinal tract. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1067. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-79947-y]
10. Zhou S, Zhao L, Zuo W, Zheng Y, Zhang P, Sun Y, et al. Minimizing endogenous cryptic plasmids to construct antibiotic-free expression systems for Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Synth Syst Biotechnol. 2024;9(1):165-75. [DOI:10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.006]
11. Foo GW, Uruthirapathy AS, Zhang CQ, Batko I, Heinrichs DE, Edgell DR. Genetic entanglement enables ultrastable biocontainment in the mammalian gut. ACS Synth Biol. 2025;14(9):3696-708. [DOI:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00412]
12. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. Plos Biol. 2016;14(8):e1002533. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533]
13. Kim S, Kim H, Yim YS, Ha S, Atarashi K, Tan TG, et al. Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring. Nature. 2017;549(7673):528-32. [DOI:10.1038/nature23910]
14. Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The gut-brain axis: How microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology. Front Immunol. 2020;11:604179. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179]
15. Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:25. [DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00025]
16. Cherbut C, Ferrier L, Rozé C, Anini Y, Blottière H, Lecannu G, et al. Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(6):G1415-22. [DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.6.G1415]
17. Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Nachbar RT, Curi R. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2011;3(10):858-76. [DOI:10.3390/nu3100858]
18. He J, Zhang P, Shen L, Niu L, Tan Y, Chen L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. [DOI:10.3390/ijms21176356]
19. May KS, den Hartigh LJ. Modulation of adipocyte metabolism by microbial short-chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3666. [DOI:10.3390/nu13103666]
20. Cao S, Liu M, Han Y, Li S, Zhu X, Li D, et al. Effects of saponins on lipid metabolism: The gut-liver axis plays a key role. Nutrients. 2024;16(10):1514. [DOI:10.3390/nu16101514]
21. Dicks LM. Gut bacteria and neurotransmitters. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9):1838. [DOI:10.3390/microorganisms10091838]
22. Chen Y, Xu J, Chen Y. Regulation of neurotransmitters by the gut microbiota and effects on cognition in neurological disorders. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2099. [DOI:10.3390/nu13062099]
23. Parthasarathy A, Cross PJ, Dobson RC, Adams LE, Savka MA, Hudson AO. A three-ring circus: Metabolism of the three proteogenic aromatic amino acids and their role in the health of plants and animals. Front Mol Biosci. 2018;5:29. [DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2018.00029]
24. Swer NM, Venkidesh BS, Murali TS, Mumbrekar KD. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and their importance in neurological disorders. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50(2):1663-75. [DOI:10.1007/s11033-022-08038-0]
25. Lee JH, Lee J. Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34(4):426-44. [DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x]
26. Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B, et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472(7341):57-63. [DOI:10.1038/nature09922]
27. Brunt VE, LaRocca TJ, Bazzoni AE, Sapinsley ZJ, Miyamoto-Ditmon J, Gioscia-Ryan RA, et al. The gut microbiome-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide modulates neuroinflammation and cognitive function with aging. Geroscience. 2021;43(1):377-94. [DOI:10.1007/s11357-020-00257-2]
28. Ji J, Jin W, Liu SJ, Jiao Z, Li X. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease. MedComm. 2023;4(6):e420. [DOI:10.1002/mco2.420]
29. Spacova I, Binda S, Ter Haar JA, Henoud S, Legrain-Raspaud S, Dekker J, et al. Comparing technology and regulatory landscape of probiotics as food, dietary supplements and live biotherapeutics. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1272754. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1272754]
30. Doron S, Snydman DR. Risk and safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(suppl 2):S129-34. [DOI:10.1093/cid/civ085]
31. Abouelela ME, Helmy YA. Next-generation probiotics as novel therapeutics for improving human health: Current trends and future perspectives. Microorganisms. 2024;12(3):430. [DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12030430]
32. O'Toole PW, Marchesi JR, Hill C. Next-generation probiotics: The spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2:17057. [DOI:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.57]
33. De Filippis F, Esposito A, Ercolini D. Outlook on next-generation probiotics from the human gut. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79(2):76. [DOI:10.1007/s00018-021-04080-6]
34. Jadhav NK, Magdum AB, Shinde KV, Nimbalkar MS. Next‐generation probiotics: From traditional strains to personalized therapeutics. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2026:70(1):e70339. [DOI:10.1002/mnfr.70339]
35. Ma J, Lyu Y, Liu X, Jia X, Cui F, Wu X, et al. Engineered probiotics. Microb Cell Fact. 2022;21(1):72. [DOI:10.1186/s12934-022-01799-0]
36. Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, Ockhuizen T, Schulzke J-D, Serino M, et al. Intestinal permeability-a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:189. [DOI:10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7]
37. Alvarez CS, Badia J, Bosch M, Giménez R, Baldomà L. Outer membrane vesicles and soluble factors released by probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and commensal ECOR63 enhance barrier function by regulating expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1981. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01981]
38. Fusco A, Savio V, Cimini D, D'Ambrosio S, Chiaromonte A, Schiraldi C, et al. In vitro evaluation of the most active probiotic strains able to improve the intestinal barrier functions and to prevent inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal system. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3):865. [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11030865]
39. Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: An overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(11):6022. [DOI:10.3390/ijms25116022]
40. Michels M, Jesus GFA, Abatti MR, Córneo E, Cucker L, Borges H, et al. Effects of different probiotic strains B. lactis, L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri on brain-intestinal axis immunomodulation in an endotoxin-induced inflammation. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(8):5168-78. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-022-02906-3]
41. Yang J, Liang J, Hu N, He N, Liu B, Liu G, et al. The gut microbiota modulates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Elucidating crucial factors and mechanistic underpinnings. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024;30(10):e70091. [DOI:10.1111/cns.70091]
42. Barcutean L, Maier S, Burai-Patrascu M, Farczadi L, Balasa R. The immunomodulatory potential of short-chain fatty acids in multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(6):3198. [DOI:10.3390/ijms25063198]
43. Garvey M. The association between dysbiosis and neurological conditions often manifesting with chronic pain. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3):748. [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11030748]
44. Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11245. [DOI:10.3390/ijms231911245]
45. Santana PT, Rosas SLB, Ribeiro BE, Marinho Y, De Souza HS. Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenic role and potential therapeutic targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3464. [DOI:10.3390/ijms23073464]
46. Erdrich S, Hawrelak JA, Myers SP, Harnett JE. A systematic review of the association between fibromyalgia and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1756284820977402. [DOI:10.1177/1756284820977402]
47. Sanada K, Díez MA, Valero MS, Pérez-Yus MC, Demarzo MM, García-Toro M, et al. Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on inflammatory biomarker expression in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:272. [DOI:10.1186/s13075-015-0789-9]
48. Garofalo C, Cristiani CM, Ilari S, Passacatini LC, Malafoglia V, Viglietto G, et al. Fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome interaction: A possible role for gut microbiota and gut-brain axis. Biomedicines. 2023;11(6):1701. [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11061701]
49. Kim YJ, Mun BR, Choi KY, Choi WS. Oral administration of probiotic bacteria alleviates tau phosphorylation, aβ accumulation, microglia activation, and memory loss in 5xFAD mice. Brain Sci. 2024;14(3):208. [DOI:10.3390/brainsci14030208]
50. Dong Y, Qi Y, Chen J, Han S, Su W, Ma X, et al. Neuroprotective effects of bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis NJ241 in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Implications for gut microbiota and PGC-1α. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61(10):7534-48. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-024-04038-2]
51. Hugenholtz F, De Vos WM. Mouse models for human intestinal microbiota research: A critical evaluation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(1):149-60. [DOI:10.1007/s00018-017-2693-8]
52. De Oliveira FL, Salgaço MK, De Oliveira MT, Mesa V, Sartoratto A, Peregrino AM, et al. Exploring the potential of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 as promising psychobiotics using SHIME. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1521. [DOI:10.3390/nu15061521]
53. Binda S, Tremblay A, Iqbal UH, Kassem O, Le Barz M, Thomas V, et al. Psychobiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Where do we go from here? Microorganisms. 2024;12(4):634. [DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12040634]
54. Valizadeh S, Majdi Seghinsara A, Maleki Chollou K, Bahadori A, Abbaszadeh S, Taghdir M, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model for MS): A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2021;73(4):408-17. [DOI:10.1111/lam.13543]
55. Zhong Y, Wang S, Di H, Deng Z, Liu J, Wang H. Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2022;13(1):38. [DOI:10.1186/s40104-022-00688-1]
56. Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EM, et al. The international scientific association of probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(9):649-67. [DOI:10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6]
57. Kumar A, Green KM, Rawat M. A comprehensive overview of postbiotics with a special focus on discovery techniques and clinical applications. Foods. 2024;13(18):2937. [DOI:10.3390/foods13182937]
58. Wegh CA, Geerlings SY, Knol J, Roeselers G, Belzer C. Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4673. [DOI:10.3390/ijms20194673]
59. Emwas AH, Roy R, McKay RT, Tenori L, Saccenti E, Gowda GA, et al. NMR spectroscopy for metabolomics research. Metabolites. 2019;9(7):123. [DOI:10.3390/metabo9070123]
60. Perez ER, Knapp JA, Horn CK, Stillman SL, Evans JE, Arfsten DP. Comparison of LC-MS-MS and GC-MS analysis of benzodiazepine compounds included in the drug demand reduction urinalysis program. J Anal Toxicol. 2016;40(3):201-7. [DOI:10.1093/jat/bkv140]
61. Wei L, Wang B, Bai J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Suo H, et al. Postbiotics are a candidate for new functional foods. Food Chem X. 2024;23:101650. [DOI:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101650]
62. Kaisar MM, Pelgrom LR, Van der Ham AJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Everts B. Butyrate conditions human dendritic cells to prime type 1 regulatory T cells via both histone deacetylase inhibition and G protein-coupled receptor 109A signaling. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1429. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01429]
63. Siddiqui MT, Han Y, Shapiro D, West G, Fiocchi C, Cresci GA. The postbiotic butyrate mitigates gut mucosal disruption caused by acute ethanol exposure. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3):1665. [DOI:10.3390/ijms25031665]
64. Amobonye A, Pillay B, Hlope F, Asong ST, Pillai S. Postbiotics: An insightful review of the latest category in functional biotics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025;41(8):293. [DOI:10.1007/s11274-025-04483-8]
65. Chaudhari HG, Prajapati S, Wardah ZH, Raol G, Prajapati V, Patel R, et al. Decoding the microbial universe with metagenomics: A brief insight. Front Genet. 2023;14:1119740. [DOI:10.3389/fgene.2023.1119740]
66. Wang L, Chen X, Pollock NR, Villafuerte Gálvez JA, Alonso CD, Wang D, et al. Metagenomic analysis reveals distinct patterns of gut microbiota features with diversified functions in C. difficile infection (CDI), asymptomatic carriage and non-CDI diarrhea. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2505269. [DOI:10.1080/19490976.2025.2505269]
67. Mulcahy-O'Grady H, Workentine ML. The challenge and potential of metagenomics in the clinic. Front Immunol. 2016;7:29. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00029]
68. Vernocchi P, Del Chierico F, Putignani L. Gut microbiota profiling: Metabolomics based approach to unravel compounds affecting human health. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1144. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01144]
69. Abildinova GZ, Benberin VV, Vochshenkova TA, Afshar A, Mussin NM, Kaliyev AA, et al. The gut-brain-metabolic axis: Exploring the role of microbiota in insulin resistance and cognitive function. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1463958. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1463958]
70. DeSantis TZ, Hugenholtz P, Larsen N, Rojas M, Brodie EL, Keller K, et al. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(7):5069-72. [DOI:10.1128/AEM.03006-05]
71. Wu J, Singleton SS, Bhuiyan U, Krammer L, Mazumder R. Multi-omics approaches to studying gastrointestinal microbiome in the context of precision medicine and machine learning. Front Mol Biosci. 2024;10:1337373. [DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1337373]
72. Thompson J, Johansen R, Dunbar J, Munsky B. Machine learning to predict microbial community functions: An analysis of dissolved organic carbon from litter decomposition. Plos One. 2019;14(7):e0215502. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0215502]
73. Zhou YH, Gallins P. A review and tutorial of machine learning methods for microbiome host trait prediction. Front Genet. 2019;10:579. [DOI:10.3389/fgene.2019.00579]
74. Shalaby M, Farouk M, Khater HA. Data reduction for SVM training using density-based border identification. Plos One. 2024;19(4):e0300641. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0300641]
75. Yang L, Zhou W, Zhang C, Tang F. A comparative machine learning study identifies light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) as the optimal model for unveiling the environmental drivers of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) distribution using SHapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis. Biology. 2025;14(11):1567. [DOI:10.3390/biology14111567]
76. Lê Cao K-A, Boitard S, Besse P. Sparse PLS discriminant analysis: Biologically relevant feature selection and graphical displays for multiclass problems. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:253. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-12-253]
77. Elguoshy A, Zedan H, Saito S. Machine learning-driven insights in cancer metabolomics: From subtyping to biomarker discovery and prognostic modeling. Metabolites. 2025;15(8):514. [DOI:10.3390/metabo15080514]
78. Zhang J, Che Y, Liu R, Wang Z, Liu W. Deep learning-driven multi-omics analysis: Enhancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Brief Bioinform. 2025;26(4):bbaf440. [DOI:10.1093/bib/bbaf440]
79. Wirbel J, Zych K, Essex M, Karcher N, Kartal E, Salazar G, et al. Microbiome meta-analysis and cross-disease comparison enabled by the SIAMCAT machine learning toolbox. Genome Biol. 2021;22(1):93. [DOI:10.1186/s13059-021-02306-1]
80. Kim H, Na JE, Kim S, Kim TO, Park SK, Lee CW, et al. A machine learning-based diagnostic model for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis utilizing fecal microbiome analysis. Microorganisms. 2023;12(1):36. [DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12010036]
81. Cai MZ, Chen PT. Novel combined Cre-Cas system for improved chromosome editing in Bacillus subtilis. J Biosci Bioeng. 2021;132(2):113-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.04.005]
82. Strecker J, Ladha A, Gardner Z, Schmid-Burgk JL, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, et al. RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases. Science. 2019;365(6448):48-53. [DOI:10.1126/science.aax9181]
83. Zhao N, Li L, Luo G, Xie S, Lin Y, Han S, et al. Multiplex gene editing and large DNA fragment deletion by the CRISPR/Cpf1-RecE/T system in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;47(8):599-608. [DOI:10.1007/s10295-020-02304-5]
84. Yu S, Price M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ni X, et al. CRISPR-dCas9 mediated cytosine deaminase base editing in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol. 2020;9(7):1781-9. [DOI:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00151]
85. Rottinghaus AG, Ferreiro A, Fishbein SR, Dantas G, Moon TS. Genetically stable CRISPR-based kill switches for engineered microbes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):672. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-022-28163-5]
86. Motalebi Moghanjougi Z, Rezazadeh Bari M, Alizadeh Khaledabad M, Amiri S, Almasi H. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB‐12 in pectin and sodium alginate: A comparative study on viability, stability, and structure. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(9):5103-11. [DOI:10.1002/fsn3.2470]
87. Markowiak P, Śliżewska K. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1021. [DOI:10.3390/nu9091021]
88. Aggarwal S, Sabharwal V, Kaushik P, Joshi A, Aayushi A, Suri M. Postbiotics: From emerging concept to application. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2022;6:887642. [DOI:10.3389/fsufs.2022.887642]
89. Ranjha MMAN, Shafique B, Batool M, Kowalczewski PŁ, Shehzad Q, Usman M, et al. Nutritional and health potential of probiotics: A review. Appl Sci. 2021;11(23):11204. [DOI:10.3390/app112311204]
90. Garcia-Brand AJ, Quezada V, Gonzalez-Melo C, Bolaños-Barbosa AD, Cruz JC, Reyes LH. Novel developments on stimuli-responsive probiotic encapsulates: From smart hydrogels to nanostructured platforms. Fermentation. 2022;8(3):117. [DOI:10.3390/fermentation8030117]
91. Yoha KS, Nida S, Dutta S, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C. Targeted delivery of probiotics: Perspectives on research and commercialization. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2022;14(1):15-48 [DOI:10.1007/s12602-021-09791-7]
92. Grossova M, Rysavka P, Marova I. Probiotic biofilm on carrier surface: A novel promising application for food industry. Acta Alimentaria. 2017;46(4):439-48. [DOI:10.1556/066.2017.46.4.6]
93. Klopper KB, Bester E, Deane SM, Wolfaardt GM, Dicks LM. Survival of planktonic and sessile cells of lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus reuteri upon exposure to simulated fasting-state gastrointestinal conditions. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2019;11(2):594-603. [DOI:10.1007/s12602-018-9426-7]
94. Yahav S, Berkovich Z, Ostrov I, Reifen R, Shemesh M. Encapsulation of beneficial probiotic bacteria in extracellular matrix from biofilm-forming Bacillus subtilis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46(sup2):974-82. [DOI:10.1080/21691401.2018.1476373]
95. McClements DJ. Designing biopolymer microgels to encapsulate, protect and deliver bioactive components: Physicochemical aspects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;240:31-59. [DOI:10.1016/j.cis.2016.12.005]
96. Huang HL, Lai CH, Tsai WH, Chen KW, Peng SL, Lin JH, et al. Nanoparticle-enhanced postbiotics: Revolutionizing cancer therapy through effective delivery. Life Sciences. 2023;337(11):122379. [DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122379]
97. Zou ZP, Du Y, Fang TT, Zhou Y, Ye BC. Biomarker-responsive engineered probiotic diagnoses, records, and ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(2):199-212.e5. [DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.004]
98. Kailasapathy K. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: Technology and potential applications. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2002;3(2):39-48.
99. Pan J, Gong G, Wang Q, Shang J, He Y, Catania C, et al. A single-cell nanocoating of probiotics for enhanced amelioration of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):2117. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-022-29672-z]
100. Swanson KS, Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Reimer RA, Reid G, Verbeke K, et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(11):687-701. [DOI:10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
IBJ is a member of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
and follows its guidelines |
The articles of this journal are licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivatives 4.0 International License. .png) |
 IBJ is owned and published by Pasteur Institute of Iran |